Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025)

The growing global population has amplified the demand for food, making the international trade of livestock a significant threat to animal and public health due to the increased risk of zoonotic disease transmission through animal movement or the consumption of their products. Biosecurity measures (BSMs) and vaccination are two essential tools that, when effectively implemented, can significantly reduce the spread of diseases from livestock. However, their failure not only escalates the burden of disease but also compromises food security and public health. Weak or poorly enforced BSMs can undermine the efficacy of vaccinations, creating challenges against disease prevention efforts. Conversely, robust BSMs such as nutritional and environmental management, routine monitoring of disease, farm management, and hygiene provide a critical foundation for successful vaccination programs by minimizing disease exposure and ensuring vaccine effectiveness. Inappropriate vaccination administration, inadequate cold chain management, and the frequency of immunosuppressive illnesses are also reported as contributing factors to vaccine failure. This review delves into the interconnected roles of BSMs and vaccination, unveiling the importance of the implementation of biosecurity principles in preventing vaccine failure. It also explores how the integration of biosecurity practices and vaccination strengthens animal health systems, mitigates zoonotic risks, and enhances overall food safety. Future research should concentrate on integrated biosecurity techniques by strengthening on-farm biosecurity protocols, proper handling and administration of vaccines, careful disease surveillance, and awareness programs thereby increasing the resilience of our livestock industry against notable diseases.

Necrotic enteritis is an important disease of poultry that causes economic loss to the broiler industry. Clostridium perfringens is an important bacterium that is responsible for causing necrotic enteritis. Antibiotics are mainly used to control C. perfringens but due to resistance antibiotics are banned in many countries like Canada, Hong Kong, and the European Union. Many alternatives such as probiotics, essential oils, and postbiotics have been developed to control C. perfringens. Among them, probiotics are very important because they can increase beneficial bacteria in the intestine, create a competitive environment in the gut region, and prevent the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria such as C. perfringens. Probiotics cause immune system modulation, reducing inflammatory markers such as cytokines. Lactobacillus based probiotics also cause weight gain, improve feed conversion ratio, and decrease mortality in poultry which in turn increase profit margin. Several studies have reported that when poultry populations were challenged with C. perfringens then these probiotics prevented intestinal lesions, provided anti-inflammatory effects to the intestine, prevented damage to the villi, and did not allow C. perfringens to form its colony in the intestine. The main aim of this review paper is to explain the updated information on necrotic enteritis, the damages caused to the gut, and the mechanism of actions through which Lactobacilli work against C. perfringens.

The continuing devastation of natural habitats is still one of the most important and acute challenges that wildlife conservation programs are presented with in the contemporary world. The insistent encroachment of agricultural lands, the irrepressible expansion of urban areas, and the widespread deforestation for various uses, including logging and mining activities, has all contributed heavily to the destruction and subdivision of critical biotas that are necessary for sustaining a rich diversity of forms of life. With the human population expanding continuously at unprecedented levels, it is almost inevitable that the rate of contacts between humans and a rich diversity of animal forms increases proportionally. This increased contact between humans and a large number of animal forms causes a substantial increase in rates of disease transmission among different animal populations that also brings with it the potential for those diseases to get transmitted to humans. Therefore, this highlights disease monitoring and management as important and priority domains of wildlife conservation programs that are necessary for containing and reducing risks posed by these diseases. Early detection of outbreaks of emergent diseases by properly organized and effective monitoring programs can be capable of having a pivotal role to play in preventing future epidemics by allowing for instantaneous and effective responses to be taken everywhere and anywhere that they are required.