Unveiling the Hidden Link of Biosecurity in Preventing Vaccine Failure in Livestock: An Updated Review

Arooba  Fatima; Maaria Raheel  Spaul; Hira  Khan; Muhammad  Muneeb; Mian Muhammad  Awais; Zahid  Kamran; Zeeshan Ahmad  Bhutta

doi:10.71320/bcs.0003

Authors

Arooba Fatima Institute of Microbiology (IOM), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9058-4890
Maaria Raheel Spaul Institute of Microbiology (IOM), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5914-1419
Hira Khan Institute of Microbiology (IOM), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9822-202X
Muhammad Muneeb Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8215-2677
Mian Muhammad Awais Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7802-3259
Zahid Kamran Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-8275
Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0148-425X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71320/bcs.0003

Keywords:

biosecurity measure, vaccination, livestock, challenges, mitigation strategies

Abstract

The growing global population has amplified the demand for food, making the international trade of livestock a significant threat to animal and public health due to the increased risk of zoonotic disease transmission through animal movement or the consumption of their products. Biosecurity measures (BSMs) and vaccination are two essential tools that, when effectively implemented, can significantly reduce the spread of diseases from livestock. However, their failure not only escalates the burden of disease but also compromises food security and public health. Weak or poorly enforced BSMs can undermine the efficacy of vaccinations, creating challenges against disease prevention efforts. Conversely, robust BSMs such as nutritional and environmental management, routine monitoring of disease, farm management, and hygiene provide a critical foundation for successful vaccination programs by minimizing disease exposure and ensuring vaccine effectiveness. Inappropriate vaccination administration, inadequate cold chain management, and the frequency of immunosuppressive illnesses are also reported as contributing factors to vaccine failure. This review delves into the interconnected roles of BSMs and vaccination, unveiling the importance of the implementation of biosecurity principles in preventing vaccine failure. It also explores how the integration of biosecurity practices and vaccination strengthens animal health systems, mitigates zoonotic risks, and enhances overall food safety. Future research should concentrate on integrated biosecurity techniques by strengthening on-farm biosecurity protocols, proper handling and administration of vaccines, careful disease surveillance, and awareness programs thereby increasing the resilience of our livestock industry against notable diseases.

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